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ANATOMY OF A BOTTLE | BOTTLES 101 | B&C PLASTICS LTD.


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Neck Finishes
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Neck Line

Screw thread cap sizes are generally expressed as two numbers. The first number refers to the cap diameter (in millimeters) and the corresponding Glass Packaging Institute (GPI)/Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) finish diameter.

The second number refers to the height and thread configuration of the closure or finish. Below is a selection of commonly used caps and finishes.

Torque Guidelines

When applying a closure to a container it is important to utilize the correct torque. Torque is the rotational force applied during the application or removal of a closure from a container.

One of the largest misconceptions surrounding torque is that the tighter you apply a closure the less likely the chance the product in the container is going to leak. The truth is applying too much pressure to a closure can actually increase the chances of product leakage. For the best seal, torque should be evenly distributed throughout the closure. If too much torque is applied it can cause some points on the cap to have more pressure then others which could result in leaking. If not enough torque is applied to a closure it could cause leaking, or for the closure to come off from the container.

The chart illustrates how much torque is necessary to apply or remove closures, depending on the size and material of the closure and container. The figures are based on the minimal amount of torque needed to apply or remove a closure. Torque is expressed in inches per pound. As a general rule of thumb torque is about half of the diameter of the cap.

 

Range of Torque Values for Closures

Range of hand-applied torque values recommended by various industry sources for lined polypropylene closures.


Closure Size (mm) IN-Lbs Hand Application Torque
8 5 0.56
10 6 0.68
13 8 0.90
15 5 - 9 0.56 - 1.00
18 7 - 10 0.79 - 1.10
20 8 - 12 0.90 - 1.40
22 9-14 1.00-1.60
24 10 - 18 1.10 - 2.00
28 12 - 21 1.40 - 2.40
30 13 - 23 1.50 - 2.60
33 15 - 25 1.70 - 2.80
38 17 - 26 1.90 - 2.90
43 17 - 27 1.90 - 3.10
45 18 - 29 1.95 - 3.20
48 19 - 30 2.10 - 3.40
53 21 - 36 2.40 - 4.10
58 23 - 40 2.60 - 4.50
63 25 - 43 2.80 - 4.90
66 26 - 45 2.90 - 5.10
70 28 - 50 3.20 - 5.60
83 32 - 65 3.60 - 7.30
86 40 - 65 4.50 - 7.30
89 40 - 70 4.50 - 7.90
100 45 - 70 5.10 - 7.90
110 45 - 70 5.10 - 7.90
120 55 - 95 6.20 - 10.70
132 60 - 95 6.80 - 10.70

A. Application Torque:
The rotational force with which a closure is applied to a bottle finish during capping. It affects seal integrity and tightness between bottle and closure. Properly established application torque will provide sealing integrity under expected conditions or temperatures, humidity and shock.
 
B. Removal Torque:
The rotational force with which a threaded closure is removed or unscrewed from a bottle finish. It defines the amount of rotational force necessary to loosen, open, or remove the closure. A properly designed package should have a removal torque range appropriate for its intended use and the consideration of any requirements for child resistant or tamper evident closure needs.
 
C. Stripping Torque:

The application torque which is sufficient to cause the closure and/or bottle finish to distort and override the matching closure/bottle threads, resulting in loose caps, no seal, or package component deformation.
 
D. Torque Values:
Torque is defined in inch-pounds or Newton-meters and is measured by various types of torque meters. The optimum relationship between applied and removal torques and good sealing characteristics under various physical and environmental conditions must be established for each individual package. Application torque requirements also vary according to the closure size being used.
 
The following torque values are listed for use as guidelines only, and are to be used for closure application by hand under controlled conditions. Special conditions may require torque values other than those listed.


Note: Immediate removal torque values are approximately 40-80% of application torque values. Production capping equipment should be adjusted to produce similar immediate removal torque values.


*These are generally accepted application torques. Specific closures may require specific application torques which differ from those listed above. Check with your closure manufacturer for specific information.


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